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Ultrasound (US) causes multiple thermal and non-thermal effects, such as
mechanical and chemical stresses, that can result in damage to the cellular
membrane and nucleus, leading to transient membrane pores, alterations in gene
expression, and cell death, including apoptosis. On the basis of its biological
effects US has been proposed as a new drug delivery and molecular targeting
tool for cancer therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in US
induced cell killing are not yet fully understood. Recently, we have reported
that the mechanical effects of US elicit DNA single strand as well as double
strand breaking- the most cytotoxic form of DNA damage, which initiates
subsequent DNA damage response associated with DNA repair, cell cycle arrest,
and cell death. Here in the present study we have focused on one of the most
significant biological effects of US, i.e., DNA damage and discussed the
underlying mechanisms and a unique cellular response. Read more>>>>>>>>>
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Nanomedicine
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The first experimental evidence for CSCs was given by Bonnet and Dick in
1997. They found that single CD34+CD38– Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cell was
able to initiate AML in NOD-SCID mice. Furthermore, this small subset
population was found to be responsible for chemotherapy and radiotherapy
resistance because CSCs have enhanced DNA repair ability, enriched
anti-apoptotic proteins, improved drug efflux transporters, and are protected
in specific microenvironment or niche. Therefore, these leukemia initiating
cells (LIC) or leukemia Stem Cells (LSCs) are considered as a critical target
for leukemia therapy. Subsequently, CSCs in solid tumors have been identified
from brain, prostate, breast, colon, and pancreas cancer. Traditional cancer
treatments, such as Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy, are cytotoxic to both normal
and cancerous cells, which cause severe side effects, like bone marrow
suppression, cardiomyopathy, and neurotoxicity. Read more>>>>>>>>
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is
a chronic inflammatory disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) ultimately
leading to demyelination and axonal loss. This disease is complex andmultifactorial, but it seems that the main etiopathogenic event is presented by
an aberrant response of the cells of immune system (T and B lymphocytes) to
myelin proteins.
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| Multiple Sclerosis |
Three forms of MS disease
evolution exist. Approximately 80% of the patients have a Relapsing Remitting
Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) form; two thirds of them can likely develop a
secondary progressive form over 10-15 years starting from MS disease onset.
Around 20% of the patients can develop a progressive form of MS right from very
onset, and such a disease is called Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
(PPMS). An average age of the patients with MS disease who were studied
assembles 30 years. The main peak of morbidity due to MS can be attributed to
the age of 20-40 years. Disease onset in the age of patients up to 16 years
constitutes about 2.7% of cases. Read more>>>>>>>
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| Wound Healing |
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by
hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or
both. Regarding the absence of sufficient efficacy of the available methods in
diabetic wound healing, the use of alternative or complementary compounds has
been considered. Probiotics, chitosan and royal jelly are among these
compounds. Currently, after creating experimental diabetes with streptozotocin
in rats, effects of probiotics (Lactobacillus casei), exopolysaccharide of
Lactobacillus casei, chitosan Nano fibers and N-chromosome royal jelly were
investigated on wound healing of the mentioned animals and were compared to
common medications in the market. Read more>>>>>>
GDEPT
could be a two-step cistron medical aid approach wherever the cistron for a
non-endogenous catalyst is directed to focus on tissues. First one is a factor
of a far off catalyst is delivered to a tumour by a vector and second one is a
prodrug is then administered that is property activated within the tumour site.
Within the initiative, the cistron for a distant catalyst is run and is
directed to the neoplasm, wherever it’s expressed by the utilization of
specific promoters. Within the second step, injected prodrugs area unit
activated by the foreign catalyst. The planning and synthesis of prodrugs able
to bear protein activation in such systems is a vital part.The catalyst is
expressed intracellularly wherever it’s able to activate an afterwards
administered prodrug. It’s a promising new treatment for cancer therapy. The
planning and synthesis of prodrugs able to bear animate thing enzymic
activation by foreign genes in such systems is a vital part.(Read More)
Carcinoma
of the urinary bladder is the most prevalent cancer in most African countries.
In Egypt, bladder cancer represents the most common malignancy among Egyptian
males and previously has been attributed to Schistosoma infection, a major risk factor for
squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recently, urothelial carcinoma (UC) incidencehas been increasing while SCC has declined. About 85% of patients with
urothelial bladder carcinoma present with nonmuscle invasive urothelial tumours
(NMIUC) at first presentation, whereas the remaining 15% of primary tumours are
already muscle invasive (MIUC). After being removed by transurethral resection
(TUR), NMIUC will recur in up to 70% of patients and up to one third of pT1
tumours will eventually develop a progression to muscle invasive disease. Patients
with bladder cancer therefore have to be monitored thoroughly for disease
recurrence and progression. This makes bladder cancer one of the most expensive
cancer types for the health care system.
Early
detection of recurrent cancer is crucial to improve the treatment outcome.
Consequently, regular follow-up for patients with NMIUC is mandatory. The tension
on patients and the burden on health-care providers for life-long follow-up are
great. There are classical methods for follow-up purposes as urine cytology and
regular cystoscopy. Although cystoscopic biopsy is the most accurate diagnostic
tool for detection of recurrent cancer, and currently is the standard of choice,
cystoscopy may still miss tiny tumors, and also lead to false-negative results.
Also, importantly, cystoscopy is invasive, and associated with morbidity, which
is the main reason preventing patients from being regularly followed-up. Voided
urine cytology is the most commonly used noninvasive follow-up diagnostic tool.
In urine cytology, cells present in voided urine are examined and described as
being positive or negative for the presence of malignant cells, atypical or having
suspicious cells present.(Read more)
Congenital
hypothyroidism, defined as the functional deficiency of thyroid hormones
present at birth, occurs in approximately 1: 2,000 to 4,000 newborns. Thyroid
hormones play an essential role in the maturation of the central nervous
system. Congenital hypothyroidism results in severe neurodevelopmental
impairment if untreated and, therefore constitutes the most common preventableendocrine cause of irreversible mental retardation. As clinical diagnosis of
hypothyroidism in the newborn period is almost always overlooked, newborn
screening programs seeking to identify elevated thyrotropin levels at birth are
available to detect primary congenital hypothyroidism mainly.
Significantly,
early onset on levothyroxine replacement therapy virtually abolishes severe
intellectual development.Congenital
hypothyroidism is caused by genetic defects occurring at three different
levels, including the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the thyroid gland, and the
peripheral tissues. Up to date, 30 monogenic forms of congenital hypothyroidism
have been reported in individuals with thyroid dysgenesis, thyroid
dyshormonogenesis, central and peripheral hypothyroidism, highlighting the
genetic heterogeneity of the disease.(Read more)
