DNA Damage Induced by Ultrasound and Cellular Responses

Ultrasonic technologies pervade the medical field as a long established imaging modality in clinical diagnostics and, with the emergence of targetedhigh-intensity focused ultrasound, as a means of thermally ablating tumors.

Ultrasound (US) causes multiple thermal and non-thermal effects, such as mechanical and chemical stresses, that can result in damage to the cellular membrane and nucleus, leading to transient membrane pores, alterations in gene expression, and cell death, including apoptosis. On the basis of its biological effects US has been proposed as a new drug delivery and molecular targeting tool for cancer therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in US induced cell killing are not yet fully understood. Recently, we have reported that the mechanical effects of US elicit DNA single strand as well as double strand breaking- the most cytotoxic form of DNA damage, which initiates subsequent DNA damage response associated with DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and cell death. Here in the present study we have focused on one of the most significant biological effects of US, i.e., DNA damage and discussed the underlying mechanisms and a unique cellular response. Read more>>>>>>>>>

A Forecast of Targeting Leukemia Stem Cells by Nanomedicine

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells with self-renewal, differentiation and tumor-initiating properties. They are considered as the leading cause of tumor initiation, promotion, and relapse in most types ofcancers.

Nanomedicine

The first experimental evidence for CSCs was given by Bonnet and Dick in 1997. They found that single CD34+CD38– Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cell was able to initiate AML in NOD-SCID mice. Furthermore, this small subset population was found to be responsible for chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance because CSCs have enhanced DNA repair ability, enriched anti-apoptotic proteins, improved drug efflux transporters, and are protected in specific microenvironment or niche. Therefore, these leukemia initiating cells (LIC) or leukemia Stem Cells (LSCs) are considered as a critical target for leukemia therapy. Subsequently, CSCs in solid tumors have been identified from brain, prostate, breast, colon, and pancreas cancer. Traditional cancer treatments, such as Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy, are cytotoxic to both normal and cancerous cells, which cause severe side effects, like bone marrow suppression, cardiomyopathy, and neurotoxicity. Read more>>>>>>>>

Complex Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Patients by Use of Fetal Stem Cells

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) ultimately leading to demyelination and axonal loss. This disease is complex andmultifactorial, but it seems that the main etiopathogenic event is presented by an aberrant response of the cells of immune system (T and B lymphocytes) to myelin proteins.

Multiple Sclerosis

Three forms of MS disease evolution exist. Approximately 80% of the patients have a Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) form; two thirds of them can likely develop a secondary progressive form over 10-15 years starting from MS disease onset. Around 20% of the patients can develop a progressive form of MS right from very onset, and such a disease is called Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS). An average age of the patients with MS disease who were studied assembles 30 years. The main peak of morbidity due to MS can be attributed to the age of 20-40 years. Disease onset in the age of patients up to 16 years constitutes about 2.7% of cases. Read more>>>>>>>

Novel Combinations for Wound Healing: Chitosan/PVA Nano Fiber; Royal Jelly, Probiotic

Nowadays, Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the world. These diseases and disorders of the problems for the patient and the health system create. One of the long term complications of diabetes is neuropathy, ornerve problems which are involved in diabetic foot ulcers and prevalence of this disorder in patients between 12 and 50 percent mentioned.

Wound Healing

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Regarding the absence of sufficient efficacy of the available methods in diabetic wound healing, the use of alternative or complementary compounds has been considered. Probiotics, chitosan and royal jelly are among these compounds. Currently, after creating experimental diabetes with streptozotocin in rats, effects of probiotics (Lactobacillus casei), exopolysaccharide of Lactobacillus casei, chitosan Nano fibers and N-chromosome royal jelly were investigated on wound healing of the mentioned animals and were compared to common medications in the market. Read more>>>>>> 

Gene-Directed Enzyme Pro-drug Therapy: A Promising Way for Cancer Treatment

Gene-directed protein prodrug medical aid (GDEPT) may be a promising strategy that aims to limit the general toxicity associate degreed improve the property of therapyuse through the expression of a factor that encodes associate degree catalystthat converts nontoxic prodrug into an activated cytotoxic agent. It offers a brand new approach to treating some cancers. Clinical trials are completed for brain and prostate cancers and also the initial product for post-surgical treatment of some brain tumors is awaiting selling approval. Recent innovations offer a glimpse into the doable future evolution of a brand new cistron medication.

GDEPT could be a two-step cistron medical aid approach wherever the cistron for a non-endogenous catalyst is directed to focus on tissues. First one is a factor of a far off catalyst is delivered to a tumour by a vector and second one is a prodrug is then administered that is property activated within the tumour site. Within the initiative, the cistron for a distant catalyst is run and is directed to the neoplasm, wherever it’s expressed by the utilization of specific promoters. Within the second step, injected prodrugs area unit activated by the foreign catalyst. The planning and synthesis of prodrugs able to bear protein activation in such systems is a vital part.The catalyst is expressed intracellularly wherever it’s able to activate an afterwards administered prodrug. It’s a promising new treatment for cancer therapy. The planning and synthesis of prodrugs able to bear animate thing enzymic activation by foreign genes in such systems is a vital part.(Read More) 

The Role of Cytologic Analysis in Follow-Up of Non-Muscle Invaisve Urothelial Cell Carcinoma in Relation to Cystoscopic Biopsy

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the most prevalent cancer in most African countries. In Egypt, bladder cancer represents the most common malignancy among Egyptian males and previously has been attributed to Schistosoma infection, a major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recently, urothelial carcinoma (UC) incidencehas been increasing while SCC has declined. About 85% of patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma present with nonmuscle invasive urothelial tumours (NMIUC) at first presentation, whereas the remaining 15% of primary tumours are already muscle invasive (MIUC). After being removed by transurethral resection (TUR), NMIUC will recur in up to 70% of patients and up to one third of pT1 tumours will eventually develop a progression to muscle invasive disease. Patients with bladder cancer therefore have to be monitored thoroughly for disease recurrence and progression. This makes bladder cancer one of the most expensive cancer types for the health care system.

Early detection of recurrent cancer is crucial to improve the treatment outcome. Consequently, regular follow-up for patients with NMIUC is mandatory. The tension on patients and the burden on health-care providers for life-long follow-up are great. There are classical methods for follow-up purposes as urine cytology and regular cystoscopy. Although cystoscopic biopsy is the most accurate diagnostic tool for detection of recurrent cancer, and currently is the standard of choice, cystoscopy may still miss tiny tumors, and also lead to false-negative results. Also, importantly, cystoscopy is invasive, and associated with morbidity, which is the main reason preventing patients from being regularly followed-up. Voided urine cytology is the most commonly used noninvasive follow-up diagnostic tool. In urine cytology, cells present in voided urine are examined and described as being positive or negative for the presence of malignant cells, atypical or having suspicious cells present.(Read more)

Clinical Relevance of Molecular Diagnosis in Patients with Congenital Hypothyroidism.

Congenital hypothyroidism, defined as the functional deficiency of thyroid hormones present at birth, occurs in approximately 1: 2,000 to 4,000 newborns. Thyroid hormones play an essential role in the maturation of the central nervous system. Congenital hypothyroidism results in severe neurodevelopmental impairment if untreated and, therefore constitutes the most common preventableendocrine cause of irreversible mental retardation. As clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism in the newborn period is almost always overlooked, newborn screening programs seeking to identify elevated thyrotropin levels at birth are available to detect primary congenital hypothyroidism mainly. 

Significantly, early onset on levothyroxine replacement therapy virtually abolishes severe intellectual development.Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by genetic defects occurring at three different levels, including the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the thyroid gland, and the peripheral tissues. Up to date, 30 monogenic forms of congenital hypothyroidism have been reported in individuals with thyroid dysgenesis, thyroid dyshormonogenesis, central and peripheral hypothyroidism, highlighting the genetic heterogeneity of the disease.(Read more)

Evaluation of Five Nannocfhloropsis Sp. Strains for Biodiesel and Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) Production.

Continuously usage of petroleum sourced fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable and environmental unfriendly because of its depleting supplies and the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which contributes to the worldwide greenhouse effect and global climate change. Methods to convert biomass tocompetitive biofuels increasingly attract researchers’ attention in recent pastdecades, and microalgae used as the most promising feedstock source for the third-generation biodiesel production interest biofuel researchers since they can produce and accumulate large amount of lipids and fix the greenhouse gas (CO₂) by photosynthesis at the same time. Hence, development and utilization of microalgae as feedstock candidates for biodiesel production appears to be a cost effective, renewable, carbon neutral and environmentally friendly way forward and offers great opportunities in the longer term. 

However, inadequate microalgae species and relatively absence of information on detailed FAs compositional profiles have limited the development of microalgae bio-resources. Determination and analysis of microalgae strains with high biomass concentration, high cellular lipid content, appropriate lipid distribution, suitable FAs compositional profiles and proper biodiesel properties under specific culture conditions are of great importance to promote microalgae biodiesel production. Thus isolation and evaluation of autochthonic appropriate microalgae species and exploitation of them in algal biotechnology for bio-resource usage is urgently needed.(Read More)

PGC-1a Gene RS2970847 Assess the Relationship Between Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes Population in Tabriz

(PGC-1α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPARGC1A gene. PPARGC1A is also known as human accelerated region 20 (HAR20). It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humansfrom apes. PGC-1α is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism. It is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. This protein interacts with the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple transcription factors.

This protein can interact with, and regulate the activities of, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). It provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and is a major factor that regulates muscle fiber type determination. Endurance exercise has been shown to activate the PGC-1α gene in human skeletal muscle. This protein may be also involved in controlling blood pressure, regulating cellular cholesterol homoeostasis, and the development of obesity.(Read more)

Ab Initio and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Studies of Dynamic NMR Shielding Tensors and Vibrational Frequencies of DNA/RNA and Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles Complexes in Human Cancer Cells.

Equilibrium constants of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles complexes in human cancer cells with DNA/RNA ligands have been studied with biospectroscopic methods such as ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR, ³¹PNMR, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR–FTIR) and FT–Raman spectroscopies in cosolvent systems at 10, 20, 30°C ± 0.5 and 1 mol.dm^–3 ionic strength, was maintained using Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Phosphate buffer. The stability constants of the complexesand the resulting free–energy changes are obtained. The results are discussed in terms of effect of solvent on protonation and complexation.

The interaction between DNA/RNA and Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles are investigated by HF, PM3, MM2, MM3, AM1, MP2, MP3, MP4, CCSD, CCSD (T), LDA, BVWN, BLYP and B3LYP methods using 31G, 6-31G*, 6-31+G*, 6-31G (3df, 3pd), 6-311G, 6-311G* and 6-311+G* basis sets of the Gaussian 09. The structural, thermodynamic, biospectroscopic and vibrational properties of DNA/RNA and Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles complexes in human cancer cells are studied by HF, PM3, MM2, MM3, AM1, MP2, MP3, MP4, CCSD, CCSD (T), LDA, BVWN, BLYP and B3LYP methods using 31G, 6-31G*, 6-31+G*, 6-31G (3df, 3pd), 6-311G, 6-311G* and 6-311+G* basis sets of the Gaussian 09. Also, interaction energies (ΔE) were calculated. Furthermore, some of bond lengths, angles and torsions were compared. Moreover, results of rotation about two bonds were reported. In addition, Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) studies were performed to the second–order perturbation estimates of donor–acceptor interaction has been done.(Read more)

Assessment of Pep, Fndc5, C2c12, Pgc1α Pattern of Genes Expression during Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Heart Cells.

FNDC5 gene with another protein called Xuemei Proxy (PEP) is a 209 amino acid protein coding. These genes mainly in heart tissue,skeletal muscle and brain expressed. This study aimed to clarify the pattern of expression of this gene in mouse embryonic cells Heart cells taken. 

The mouse embryonic stem cells as a model for cardiac differentiation induced by ascorbic acid used and the pattern of expression of PEP at certain stages of differentiation were analyzed by Real-Time PCR technique. The results show a dramatic increase in PEP gene expression in the adult cardiomyocytes. PEP increased expression of genes may have a role in later stages cardiogenesis is possible that further studies are needed to identify it.(Read more)

Speciation Genomics of Protein-Coding Genes Common to Mycoplasmatales

The proliferation of sequenced genomes has permitted the evaluation of the role of natural selection at that level of organization. Studies have shown that some species, such as Drosophila melanogaster, showpositive Darwinian selection in relatively large number of genes, whereas other species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana show very low levels of positive selection compared to purifying or negative selection. By comparison Homo sapiens show intermediate levels of positive selection. 

Such studies have in common an evaluation of selection within a single lineage but generally do not address selection that may be occurring as new species arise, that is at splits in their respective phylogenetic trees. A few studies have targeted selection as species diverge but most of them are restricted to evaluating SNPs scattered throughout the genome and not whole sequences of genes. Using this approach, one may infer whether selection is common or rare during speciation but not necessarily whether selection is associated with particular functional groups of genes, which in turn may inform hypotheses on the genetics of speciation.(Read more)

Hyperdry Human Amniotic Membrane (HD-AM) is Supporting Aciclovir Included Device of Poly-N-p-Vinyl-Benzyl-D-Lactonamide (PVLA) Sphere for Treatment of HSV-1 Infected Rabbit Keratitis Model

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the main infectious causes of corneal blindness worldwide. A variety of clinical manifestations of both infectious and immunologic diseases affects all levels of the cornea in HSV keratitis. Acyclovir (ACV) is the main therapeutic regime for corneal ulcer because HSV-1is sensitive to ACV . The common regimen for corneal herpes in Japan is administration of ACV eye ointment (ACV-O). However, because ACV-O must be administered 5 times daily and shows poor water solubility and thus low bioavailability, alternative delivery approaches are needed to increase the therapeutic potential of ACV.

Poly-N-p-vinylbenzyl-D-lactonamide (PVLA) is a superior surface-coating material for culturing hepatocyte; it adheres to hepatocytes through a highly specific interaction between its galactose moiety and cell surface asialoglycoprotein receptors. PVLA has been shown to form polymeric micelles in water because of the presence of a hydrophobic polystyrene backbone and hydrophilic sugar moieties. A saline solution containing PVLA may be an effective solvent for ACV.(Read more)

Role of Mucosal Colonic Biopsy in Patients with Chronic Unexplained Diarrhoea who their Colonoscopy is Normal.

Chronic diarrhoea is one of the most common conditions presented to a gastroenterologist. It may be defined as the passage of abnormally liquid or unformed stools at an increased frequency as stool weight ≥ 200 g/day and duration is ≥ 4 weeks. It has varied etiology like infections, inflammatory bowel disease, neoplasia,diverticular disease, endocrine-metabolic, functional, drug induced or as a side effect of radiation therapy. Thus the diagnosis of chronic diarrhoea is complex.

Colonscopy is one of the most important tools for investigation of colorectal diseases as it has been used to screen large bowel to identify early lesions in many risk groups and to investigate patients with various complains as abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic diarrhoea and abdominal masses.(Read More)

A Forecast of Targeting Leukemia Stem Cells by Nanomedicine.

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells with selfrenewal, differentiation and tumor-initiating properties. They are considered as the leading cause of tumor initiation, promotion, and relapse in most types of cancers. The first experimental evidence for CSCs was given by Bonnet and Dick in 1997. They found that single CD34+CD38– Acute MyeloidLeukemia (AML) cell was able to initiate AML in NOD-SCID mice .

Furthermore, this small subset population was found to be responsible for chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance because CSCs have enhanced DNA repair ability, enriched anti-apoptotic proteins, improved drug efflux transporters, and are protected in specific microenvironment or niche . Therefore, these leukemia initiating cells (LIC) or leukemia Stem Cells (LSCs) are considered as a critical target for leukemia therapy. Subsequently, CSCs in solid tumors have been identified from brain, prostate, breast, colon, and pancreas cancer.(Read more)

Novel Combinations for Wound Healing: Chitosan/PVA Nano Fiber; Royal Jelly, Probiotic

Nowadays, Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the world. These diseases and disorders of the problems for the patient and the health system create. One of the long term complications of diabetes isneuropathy, or nerve problems which are involved in diabetic foot ulcers and prevalence of this disorder in patients between 12 and 50 percent mentioned.

 Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Regarding the absence of sufficient efficacy of the available methods in diabetic wound healing, the use of alternative or complementary compounds has been considered. (Read more)